Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo

Kossitse Venyo Akpataku; Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna; Agbessi Koffi Sodomon; Mozimwè Ani; Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande; Limam Moctar Bawa; Serigne Faye

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo

Kossitse Venyo Akpataku^*

, Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna

, Agbessi Koffi Sodomon

, Mozimwè Ani

, Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande

, Limam Moctar Bawa, Serigne Faye

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 5)

Received: 18 September 2024 Accepted: 20 October 2024 Published: 31 October 2024

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Abstract

This study assesses the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater from Kara, focusing on their implications for water quality and health risks. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and post-monsoon seasons for pH, TDS, and trace metals using standard methods and for calculating pollution indices and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Groundwater was found to be fresh but more acidic during the dry season. Only As, Pb, Sb, Fe, and Mn exceeded acceptable limits in some samples, highlighting potential health risks. Based on the heavy metal pollution index, groundwater is unsuitable for domestic purposes for 16.67% and 4.17% of samples in dry and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the degree of contamination, 37.5% in the dry season and 20.8% in post-monsoon fell in high pollution classes. Most samples presented a hazard index above the unity for the resident children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment scores exceeded 10 to 100-fold higher than the safe point of 10^-6. Adequate access to treated and safe drinking water and regular monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks in the Kara region.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 13, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
Page(s)	163-174
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Arsenic, Health Risks, Lead, Pollution Indices, Togo, Urban Groundwater, Water Quality

References

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APA Style

Akpataku, K. V., Dougna, A. A., Sodomon, A. K., Ani, M., Mande, S. A., et al. (2024). Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(5), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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ACS Style

Akpataku, K. V.; Dougna, A. A.; Sodomon, A. K.; Ani, M.; Mande, S. A., et al. Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(5), 163-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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AMA Style

Akpataku KV, Dougna AA, Sodomon AK, Ani M, Mande SA, et al. Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(5):163-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15,
  author = {Kossitse Venyo Akpataku and Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna and Agbessi Koffi Sodomon and Mozimwè Ani and Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande and Limam Moctar Bawa and Serigne Faye},
  title = {Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {163-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241305.15},
  abstract = {This study assesses the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater from Kara, focusing on their implications for water quality and health risks. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and post-monsoon seasons for pH, TDS, and trace metals using standard methods and for calculating pollution indices and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Groundwater was found to be fresh but more acidic during the dry season. Only As, Pb, Sb, Fe, and Mn exceeded acceptable limits in some samples, highlighting potential health risks. Based on the heavy metal pollution index, groundwater is unsuitable for domestic purposes for 16.67% and 4.17% of samples in dry and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the degree of contamination, 37.5% in the dry season and 20.8% in post-monsoon fell in high pollution classes. Most samples presented a hazard index above the unity for the resident children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment scores exceeded 10 to 100-fold higher than the safe point of 10-6. Adequate access to treated and safe drinking water and regular monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks in the Kara region.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo

AU  - Kossitse Venyo Akpataku
AU  - Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna
AU  - Agbessi Koffi Sodomon
AU  - Mozimwè Ani
AU  - Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande
AU  - Limam Moctar Bawa
AU  - Serigne Faye
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PY  - 2024
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
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EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
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UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
AB  - This study assesses the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater from Kara, focusing on their implications for water quality and health risks. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and post-monsoon seasons for pH, TDS, and trace metals using standard methods and for calculating pollution indices and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Groundwater was found to be fresh but more acidic during the dry season. Only As, Pb, Sb, Fe, and Mn exceeded acceptable limits in some samples, highlighting potential health risks. Based on the heavy metal pollution index, groundwater is unsuitable for domestic purposes for 16.67% and 4.17% of samples in dry and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the degree of contamination, 37.5% in the dry season and 20.8% in post-monsoon fell in high pollution classes. Most samples presented a hazard index above the unity for the resident children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment scores exceeded 10 to 100-fold higher than the safe point of 10-6. Adequate access to treated and safe drinking water and regular monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks in the Kara region.

VL  - 13
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Author Information

Kossitse Venyo Akpataku

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3143-5608
Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-4453
Agbessi Koffi Sodomon

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo

http://orcid.org/0009-0007-6222-3356
Mozimwè Ani

Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo; Study Group on Geomaterials and Anthropized Environments, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France

http://orcid.org/0009-0000-3456-5745
Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande

Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Kara, Kara, Togo; Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-706X
Limam Moctar Bawa

Laboratory of Applied Hydrology and Environment, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo
Serigne Faye

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar Fann, Senegal

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1679-2351

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Akpataku, K. V., Dougna, A. A., Sodomon, A. K., Ani, M., Mande, S. A., et al. (2024). Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(5), 163-174. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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ACS Style

Akpataku, K. V.; Dougna, A. A.; Sodomon, A. K.; Ani, M.; Mande, S. A., et al. Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2024, 13(5), 163-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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AMA Style

Akpataku KV, Dougna AA, Sodomon AK, Ani M, Mande SA, et al. Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo. Am J Environ Prot. 2024;13(5):163-174. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15,
  author = {Kossitse Venyo Akpataku and Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna and Agbessi Koffi Sodomon and Mozimwè Ani and Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande and Limam Moctar Bawa and Serigne Faye},
  title = {Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo
},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {13},
  number = {5},
  pages = {163-174},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20241305.15},
  abstract = {This study assesses the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater from Kara, focusing on their implications for water quality and health risks. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and post-monsoon seasons for pH, TDS, and trace metals using standard methods and for calculating pollution indices and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Groundwater was found to be fresh but more acidic during the dry season. Only As, Pb, Sb, Fe, and Mn exceeded acceptable limits in some samples, highlighting potential health risks. Based on the heavy metal pollution index, groundwater is unsuitable for domestic purposes for 16.67% and 4.17% of samples in dry and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the degree of contamination, 37.5% in the dry season and 20.8% in post-monsoon fell in high pollution classes. Most samples presented a hazard index above the unity for the resident children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment scores exceeded 10 to 100-fold higher than the safe point of 10-6. Adequate access to treated and safe drinking water and regular monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks in the Kara region.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Groundwater Quality Assessment Using Pollution Indices and Human Health Risks Through Exposure to Trace Elements in the City of Kara, Togo

AU  - Kossitse Venyo Akpataku
AU  - Akpénè Amenuvevega Dougna
AU  - Agbessi Koffi Sodomon
AU  - Mozimwè Ani
AU  - Seyf-Laye Alfa-Sika Mande
AU  - Limam Moctar Bawa
AU  - Serigne Faye
Y1  - 2024/10/31
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 163
EP  - 174
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20241305.15
AB  - This study assesses the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater from Kara, focusing on their implications for water quality and health risks. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and post-monsoon seasons for pH, TDS, and trace metals using standard methods and for calculating pollution indices and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Groundwater was found to be fresh but more acidic during the dry season. Only As, Pb, Sb, Fe, and Mn exceeded acceptable limits in some samples, highlighting potential health risks. Based on the heavy metal pollution index, groundwater is unsuitable for domestic purposes for 16.67% and 4.17% of samples in dry and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. According to the degree of contamination, 37.5% in the dry season and 20.8% in post-monsoon fell in high pollution classes. Most samples presented a hazard index above the unity for the resident children and adults. Carcinogenic risk assessment scores exceeded 10 to 100-fold higher than the safe point of 10-6. Adequate access to treated and safe drinking water and regular monitoring are essential to mitigate these risks in the Kara region.

VL  - 13
IS  - 5
ER  -

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