Pathogenic fungi has became a problem and caused crop failure. Synthetic fungicide was commonly used to control the growth of the fungi, however it has an adverse effect which can pollute the environment. As an alternative, botanical fungicide can be used as antifungal agent which is safer for environment. Neem oil has been reported as inhibitor for pathogen fungi, while eugenol and citronella oil have been proved to have antifungal effect against Aspergillus Niger. The essential oil does not dissolved naturally in water, therefore it is important to formulate this oil using palm oil based surfactant in order to form water dispersed formulation which might enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. This study investigate the best emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using palm oil based surfactant and also the residue in water and soil in order to ensure that the formulation is safe for environment. Nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing essential oil and surfactant with ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 each. The stability was investigated by observing creaming height and particle size overtime. The residue evaluation was done by analyzing TSS, TDS, COD value for water residue and GCMS analysis for soil residue. The best formulation was achieved with composition of neem, eugenol and citronella by 33% each, surfactant MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70% with oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 and solvent ethanol ratio 1:2. The droplet size ranged between 350-480 nm and polydispersity index 0.3-0.5. This fungicide formulation also considered allowable by regulatory standard where the value of TDS was in range 1-100 mg/l, TSS 0-04 mg/l, COD 30-1270 mg/l and pH was in range 5-5.7. The result of Soil residue analysis shows that the essential oil derivatives still remain in soil for five days. It is expected that this result can become reference for fungicide companies and other related stakeholder to formulate stable botanical fungicide.
| Published in | American Journal of Physics and Applications (Volume 7, Issue 1) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13 |
| Page(s) | 14-20 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Emulsion Stability, Fungicide, Residue, Emulsified Concentrate, Essential Oil
| [1] | M. Zaker, “Natural Plant Products as Eco-friendly Fungicides for Plant Diseases Control- A Review,” Agric., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 134–141, 2016. |
| [2] | W. Sujarwo, A. P. Keim, G. Caneva, C. Toniolo, and M. Nicoletti, “Ethnobotanical uses of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.; Meliaceae) leaves in Bali (Indonesia) and the Indian subcontinent in relation with historical background and phytochemical properties,” J. Ethnopharmacol., vol. 189, pp. 186–193, 2016. |
| [3] | S. Jantamas, N. Matan, N. Matan, and T. Aewsiri, “Improvement Of Antifungal Activity Of Citronella Oil Against Aspergillus Flavus On Rubberwood (Hevea Brasiliensis) Using Heat Curing,” J. Trop. For. Sci., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 39–47, 2016. |
| [4] | E. Osman, M. Ali, N. A. Shakil, V. S. Rana, D. J. Sarkar, S. Majumder, P. Kaushik, B. B. Singh, and J. Kumar, “Antifungal activity of nano emulsions of neem and citronella oils against phytopathogenic fungi, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii,” Ind. Crop. Prod., vol. 108, no. June, pp. 379–387, 2017. |
| [5] | K. A. Abd-Elsalam and A. R. Khokhlov, “Eugenol oil nanoemulsion : antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and phytotoxicity on cottonseeds,” Appl. Nanosci., vol. 5, pp. 255–265, 2015. |
| [6] | D. L. Aulifa, I. N. P. Aryantha, and S. Sukrasno, “Antifungal Phytophthora Palmivora From Clove Buds (Syzygium Aromaticum L.),” Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., vol. 7, no. 7, pp. 325–328, 2015. |
| [7] | Y. Meliana, S. Savitri, M. Septiyanti, F. Amriani, S. Aiman, and V. Luvita, “Emulsion Stability of Fungicide From Eugenol and Citronella,” in The 15th International Conference on Quality in Research, 2016, pp. 800–807. |
| [8] | D. K. Hazra, R. Karmakar, R. Poi, S. Bhattacharya, and S. Mondal, “Recent advances in pesticide formulations for eco - friendly and sustainable vegetable pest management : A review,” Arch. Agric. Environ. Sci., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 232–237, 2017. |
| [9] | P. Permadi, R. Fitria, and Hambali, “Palm oil based surfactant products for petroleum industry,” in IOP Conf. Series : Earth and Environmental Science, 2017, pp. 1–6. |
| [10] | S. N. Kale and S. L. Deore, “Emulsion Micro Emulsion and Nano Emulsion : A Review,” Syst. Rev. Pharm., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 39–47, 2017. |
| [11] | T. Tadros, P. Izquierdo, J. Esquena, and C. Solans, “Formation and stability of nano-emulsions,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 109, pp. 303–318, 2004. |
| [12] | D. Myers, Surfactant Science And Technology, Third. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. |
| [13] | M. Septiyanti, Y. Meliana, S. Aiman, M. Ghozali, and E. Triwulandari, “Formulation of Palm Oil Based Surfactant for Fungicide Emulsifiable Concentrate,” in 5th International Symposium on Innovative Bio-Production Indonesia, 2018, pp. 100–106. |
| [14] | I. Matsaridou, P. Barmpalexis, A. Salis, and I. Nikolakakis, “The Influence of Surfactant HLB and Oil / Surfactant Ratio on the Formation and Properties of Self-emulsifying Pellets and Microemulsion Reconstitution,” AAPS Pharm. Sci. Technol., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1319–1330, 2012. |
| [15] | H. Katepalli, “Formation and Stability of Emulsions: Effect of Surfactant-Particle Interactions and Particle Shape,” University of Rhode Island, 2014. |
| [16] | M. B. Zirak and A. Pezeshki, “Effect of Surfactant Concentration on the Particle Size, Stability and Potential Zeta of Beta carotene Nano Lipid Carrier,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 924–932, 2015. |
| [17] | A. I. A. Mohamed, A. S. Sultan, I. A. Hussein, and G. A. Al-muntasheri, “Influence of Surfactant Structure on the Stability of Water-in-Oil Emulsions under High-Temperature High-Salinity Conditions,” J. Chem., vol. 2017, pp. 1–11, 2017. |
| [18] | H. Katepalli, A. Bose, T. A. Hatton, and D. Blankschtein, “Destabilization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Non-ionic Surfactants: Effect of Particle Hydrophilicity,” Langmuir, vol. 32, no. 41, pp. 10694–10698, 2016. |
| [19] | M. A. A. Sisak, R. Daik, and S. Ramli, “Study on The Effect of Oil Phase and Co-Surfactant on Microemulsion System,” Malaysian J. Anal. Sci., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 1409–1416, 2017. |
| [20] | A. Perazzo and V. Preziosi, “Catastrophic Phase Inversion Techniques for Nanoemulsification,” in Nanoemulsions : Formulation, Applications, and Characterization, 1st ed., S. M. Jafari and D. J. McClements, Eds. London, United Kingdom: Elsevier Academic Press, 2018, p. 61. |
| [21] | A. Gupta, H. B. Eral, T. A. Hatton, and P. S. Doyle, “Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications,” Soft Matter, vol. 12, pp. 2826–2841, 2016. |
| [22] | V. Kunasekaran and K. Krishnamoorthy, “Experimental Design for the Optimization of Nanoscale Solid Lipid Particles Containing Rasagiline Mesylate,” J. Young Pharm., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 285–295, 2015. |
| [23] | L. Q. Thang, N. D. Hanh, and D. Q. Duong, “Study On Cause – Effect Relations And Optimization Of Exemestane-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers,” Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 1–7, 2017. |
| [24] | S. Pengon, N. Chinatangkul, and C. Limmatvapirat, “The effect of surfactant on the physical properties of coconut oil nanoemulsions ✩,” Asian J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 409–414, 2018. |
| [25] | M. Maruno, “Characterization and Stability Studies on Vegetable Nanoemulsions Obtained by Low Energy Process,” J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol., vol. S8, no. 003, pp. 1–8, 2017. |
| [26] | P. Kundu, A. Agrawal, H. Mateen, and I. M. Mishra, “Stability of oil-in-water macro-emulsion with anionic surfactant: Effect of electrolytes and temperature,” Chem. Eng. Sci., vol. 102, pp. 176–185, 2013. |
| [27] | M. Septiyanti, S. Fahmiati, and Y. Meliana, “Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sampel Terhadap Akurasi Pengukuran Diameter Partikel Nanoemulsi,” 11th Annu. Meet. Test. Qual. 2016, pp. 121–127, 2016. |
| [28] | P. Izquierdo, J. Feng, J. Esquena, T. F. Tadros, and J. C. Dederen, “The influence of surfactant mixing ratio on nano-emulsion formation by the pit method,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., vol. 285, pp. 388–394, 2005. |
| [29] | F. Hasani, A. Pezeshki, and H. Hamishehkar, “Effect of Surfactant and Oil Type on Size Droplets of Betacarotene-Bearing Nanoemulsions,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 146–155, 2015. |
| [30] | G. M. Hatta, Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor 01 Tahun 2010 Tentang Tata Laksana Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Indonesia, 2010, p. 9. |
| [31] | B. A. Butler and R. G. Ford, “Evaluating Relationships Between Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) in a Mining-Influenced Watershed,” Mine Water Environ., vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 18–30, 2017. |
| [32] | S. A. Hussain, T. Mahmood, and A. Ahsan, “Reduction of Chemical and Biochemical Oxygen Demand After Treatment ofPharmaceutical Effluents,” Pakistan J. Pharm., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 9–13, 2012. |
| [33] | R. Kumar, P. K. Sharma, and P. S. Mishra, “A Review on the Vanillin derivatives showing various Biological activities,” Int. J. PharmTech Res., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 266–279, 2012. |
| [34] | R. Hemalatha, P. Nivetha, C. Mohanapriya, G. Sharmila, C. Muthukumaran, and M. Gopinath, “Phytochemical composition, GC-MS analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial potential of clove flower bud (Eugenia caryophyllus) methanolic extract,” J. Food Sci. Technol., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1189–1198, 2016. |
| [35] | L. S. Wei and W. Wee, “Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon nardus citronella essential oil against systemic bacteria of aquatic animals,” Iran. J. Microbiol., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 147–152, 2013. |
| [36] | M. Ibadurrohman and P. P. Wulandari, “Synthesis of Methyl Ester Sulfonate Surfactant from Crude Palm Oil as an Active Substance of Laundry Liquid Detergent,” in Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Applied Chemistry 2017, 2017, vol. 1904, pp. 020058-1-020058-7. |
| [37] | Y. F. Alli, L. Brioletty, H. Eni, and Y. Irawan, “Co-Surfactant Polyethylene Glycol Mono-Oleate In The Formulation Of Natural Based-Surfactant For Chemical EOR,” Sci. Contrib. Oil Gas, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2017. |
| [38] | Y. Sampora, A. L. Juwono, A. Haryono, and Y. Irawan, “Study of Synthesis Polyethylene glycol oleate Sulfonated as an Anionic Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Study of Synthesis Polyethylene glycol oleate Sulfonated as an Anionic Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR),” in IOP Conf. Series : Journal of Physics : Conf. Series 909, 2017, pp. 1–7. |
| [39] | B. Gevao, K. T. Semple, and K. C. Jones, “Bound pesticide residues in soils : a review,” Environ. Pollut., vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 3–14, 2000. |
| [40] | Z. Vryzas, “Pesticide fate in soil-sediment-water environment in relation to contamination preventing actions,” Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Heal., vol. 4, pp. 5–9, 2018. |
APA Style
Melati Septiyanti, Muhammad Rizky Mulyana, Rahmawati Putri, Yenny Meliana. (2019). Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant. American Journal of Physics and Applications, 7(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13
ACS Style
Melati Septiyanti; Muhammad Rizky Mulyana; Rahmawati Putri; Yenny Meliana. Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant. Am. J. Phys. Appl. 2019, 7(1), 14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13
AMA Style
Melati Septiyanti, Muhammad Rizky Mulyana, Rahmawati Putri, Yenny Meliana. Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant. Am J Phys Appl. 2019;7(1):14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13,
author = {Melati Septiyanti and Muhammad Rizky Mulyana and Rahmawati Putri and Yenny Meliana},
title = {Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant},
journal = {American Journal of Physics and Applications},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {14-20},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpa.20190701.13},
abstract = {Pathogenic fungi has became a problem and caused crop failure. Synthetic fungicide was commonly used to control the growth of the fungi, however it has an adverse effect which can pollute the environment. As an alternative, botanical fungicide can be used as antifungal agent which is safer for environment. Neem oil has been reported as inhibitor for pathogen fungi, while eugenol and citronella oil have been proved to have antifungal effect against Aspergillus Niger. The essential oil does not dissolved naturally in water, therefore it is important to formulate this oil using palm oil based surfactant in order to form water dispersed formulation which might enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. This study investigate the best emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using palm oil based surfactant and also the residue in water and soil in order to ensure that the formulation is safe for environment. Nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing essential oil and surfactant with ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 each. The stability was investigated by observing creaming height and particle size overtime. The residue evaluation was done by analyzing TSS, TDS, COD value for water residue and GCMS analysis for soil residue. The best formulation was achieved with composition of neem, eugenol and citronella by 33% each, surfactant MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70% with oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 and solvent ethanol ratio 1:2. The droplet size ranged between 350-480 nm and polydispersity index 0.3-0.5. This fungicide formulation also considered allowable by regulatory standard where the value of TDS was in range 1-100 mg/l, TSS 0-04 mg/l, COD 30-1270 mg/l and pH was in range 5-5.7. The result of Soil residue analysis shows that the essential oil derivatives still remain in soil for five days. It is expected that this result can become reference for fungicide companies and other related stakeholder to formulate stable botanical fungicide.},
year = {2019}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Concentrate Botanical Fungicide from Neem, Citronella and Eugenol Oil Using Palm Oil Based Surfactant AU - Melati Septiyanti AU - Muhammad Rizky Mulyana AU - Rahmawati Putri AU - Yenny Meliana Y1 - 2019/02/22 PY - 2019 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13 DO - 10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13 T2 - American Journal of Physics and Applications JF - American Journal of Physics and Applications JO - American Journal of Physics and Applications SP - 14 EP - 20 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-4308 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpa.20190701.13 AB - Pathogenic fungi has became a problem and caused crop failure. Synthetic fungicide was commonly used to control the growth of the fungi, however it has an adverse effect which can pollute the environment. As an alternative, botanical fungicide can be used as antifungal agent which is safer for environment. Neem oil has been reported as inhibitor for pathogen fungi, while eugenol and citronella oil have been proved to have antifungal effect against Aspergillus Niger. The essential oil does not dissolved naturally in water, therefore it is important to formulate this oil using palm oil based surfactant in order to form water dispersed formulation which might enhance the effectiveness of the formulation. This study investigate the best emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation using palm oil based surfactant and also the residue in water and soil in order to ensure that the formulation is safe for environment. Nanoemulsion was prepared by mixing essential oil and surfactant with ratio of 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 each. The stability was investigated by observing creaming height and particle size overtime. The residue evaluation was done by analyzing TSS, TDS, COD value for water residue and GCMS analysis for soil residue. The best formulation was achieved with composition of neem, eugenol and citronella by 33% each, surfactant MES 20%, PDO 10% and PMO 70% with oil/surfactant ratio 60/40 and solvent ethanol ratio 1:2. The droplet size ranged between 350-480 nm and polydispersity index 0.3-0.5. This fungicide formulation also considered allowable by regulatory standard where the value of TDS was in range 1-100 mg/l, TSS 0-04 mg/l, COD 30-1270 mg/l and pH was in range 5-5.7. The result of Soil residue analysis shows that the essential oil derivatives still remain in soil for five days. It is expected that this result can become reference for fungicide companies and other related stakeholder to formulate stable botanical fungicide. VL - 7 IS - 1 ER -
Email: