Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Modern steelmaking processes are broken into two categories: primary and secondary steelmaking. Primary steelmaking uses mostly new iron as the feedstock, usually from a blast furnace. Secondary steelmaking uses scrap steel as the primary raw material. Gases created during the production of steel can be used as a power source. Steelmaking is presently a grounded innovation driven by plant, exploratory and computational examination. The continuous casting process comprises many complicated phenomena in terms of fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation. The important numerical modeling method of the continuous casting process has been discussed in reference in this work. With the recent advancement in metallurgical methods, the continuous casting process now becomes the main method for steel production. To achieve efficient and effective production, the manufacturers of steel keep on searching for new methods which increase productivity. The present work describes molten steel flow, heat transfer, solidification, electromagnetic applications, formation of the shell by solidification and coupling, etc.
| Published in | Advances in Materials (Volume 10, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.am.20211003.11 |
| Page(s) | 31-41 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Steelmaking, Metallurgy, Computer Simulation, Continuous Casting
| [1] | H. Precht and T. Preston, “Continuous Casting of Steel Slabs,” in SAE Technical Paper Series, 2010, vol. 1, p. 207. |
| [2] | M. Alizadeh, S. A. J. Jahromi, and S. B. Nasihatkon, “Applying Finite Point Method in Solidification Modeling during Continuous Casting Process,” ISIJ Int., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 411–417, 2010. |
| [3] | D. D. Geleta, M. I. H. Siddiqui, and J. Lee, “Characterization of Slag Flow in Fixed Packed Bed of Coke Particles,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 102–113, Feb. 2020. |
| [4] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Numercal Investigation of Grade Intermixing and Heat Transfer during Ladle Change-Over in Steelmaking Tundish,” in 23rd International Conference on Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials, IIT Roorkee, 2014, pp. 981–993. |
| [5] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and M. H. Kim, “Optimization of flow control devices to minimize the grade mixing in steelmaking tundish,” J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 3213–3221, 2018. |
| [6] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Effect of Tundish Shape on Wall Shear Stress in a Multi-strand Steelmaking Tundish,” in International Conference on Smart Technologies for Mechanical Engineering, 2013, vol. 86, no. 9999, pp. 122–130. |
| [7] | B. G. Thomas, “Modeling of the continuous casting of steel—past, present, and future,” in metallurgical and materials transactions B, 2002, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 3–30. |
| [8] | M. Bellet and A. Heinrich, “A Two-dimensional Finite Element Thermomechanical Approach to a Global Stress-Strain Analysis of Steel Continuous Casting,” ISIJ Int., vol. 44, no. 10, pp. 1686–1695, 2008. |
| [9] | R. Kumar, M. I. H. Siddiqui, and P. K. Jha, “Numerical Investigations on the use of Flow Modifiers in Multi-Strand Continuous Casting Tundish using RTD Curves Analysis,” in Proceedings of STEM-2013 International Conference on Smart Technology for Mechanical Engineers, 2013, no. October, pp. 603–612. |
| [10] | C. Li and B. G. Thomas, “Maximum casting speed for continuous cast steel billets based on sub-mold bulging computation,” 85th Steelmak. Conf. proceedings, ISS, pp. 109–130, 2002. |
| [11] | B. G. Thomas, “Issues in Thermal-Mechanical Modeling of Casting Processes.,” ISIJ Int., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 737–743, 2008. |
| [12] | K. N. Seetharamu, R. Paragasam, G. A. Quadir, Z. A. Zainal, B. S. Prasad, and T. Sundararajan, “Finite element modelling of solidification phenomena,” Sadhana - Acad. Proc. Eng. Sci., vol. 26, no. 1–2, pp. 103–120, Feb. 2001. |
| [13] | M. B. N. Shaikh, M. Alam, and M. I. H. Siddiqui, “Application of Electromagnetic Forces in Continuous Casting Mold: A Review,” Int. J. Adv. Prod. Mech. Eng., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 43–49, 2016. |
| [14] | M. Alam, T. Q. Hashmi, and M. I. H. Siddiqui, “Effect of shroud depth and advance pouring box on fluid flow and inclusion floatation behaviour in a slab caster steelmaking tundish,” J. Mater. Sci. Mech. Eng., vol. 2, no. 22, pp. 1941–1945, 2015. |
| [15] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, “Investigation of Flow Behaviour and Inclusion Removal Mechanism in a Multi-Strand Tundish With Strand Blockages,” Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, 2011. |
| [16] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, P. K. Jha, and S. A., “Effect of Molten Steel Inflow Rate on Grade Mixing in Tundish,” in National Conference on Mechanical Engineering Ideas, Innovation and Initiatives, 2016, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 221. |
| [17] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, A. Maurya, F. Asiri, and R. Kumar, “Mathematical modeling of continuous casting tundish-A Review,” VW Appl. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 92–103, 2021. |
| [18] | C. Li and B. G. Thomas, “Thermomechanical finite-element model of shell behavior in continuous casting of steel,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1151–1172, Dec. 2004. |
| [19] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Modeling of Molten Steel Interface and Grade Mixing in a Tundish Using VOF Model,” in Proceedings of the 22th National and 11th International ISHMT-ASME Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, 2013. |
| [20] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, D. D. Geleta, G. Bae, and J. Lee, “Numerical Modeling of the Inclusion Behavior during AC Flash Butt Welding,” ISIJ Int., vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1–9, 2020. |
| [21] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and M.-H. H. Kim, “Optimization of flow control devices to minimize the grade mixing in steelmaking tundish,” J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 3213–3221, 2018. |
| [22] | R. Kumar, A. Maurya, M. I. H. Siddiqui, and P. K. Jha, “Some studies in diffrent shapes of tundish-intermixing and flow behaviour,” in 4th International Conference on Production & Industrial Engineering, 2016. |
| [23] | P. K. J. M. I. H. Siddiqui, “Assessment of turbulence models for prediction of intermixed amount with free surface variation using coupled level set volume of fluid method,” ISIJ Int., vol. 54, no. 11, p. 2578, 2014. |
| [24] | W. Ahmad and M. I. H. Siddiqui, “Study of Grade Intermixing and Heat Transfer in Two Different Shapes of Tundishes,” in Processing and Fabrication of Advanced Materials : XXIII, 2014, vol. 2, pp. 994–1009. |
| [25] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Effect of Inflow Rate Variation on Intermixing in a Steelmaking Tundish During Ladle Change-Over,” Steel Res. Int., vol. 87, no. 6, pp. 733–744, 2016. |
| [26] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and M.-H. Kim, “Two-Phase Numerical Modeling of Grade Intermixing in a Steelmaking Tundish,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 40, 2019. |
| [27] | S. Koric, L. C. Hibbeler, and B. G. Thomas, “Explicit coupled thermo-mechanical finite element model of steel solidification,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 1–31, Apr. 2009. |
| [28] | Y. Yin, J. Zhang, Q. Dong, and Q. H. Zhou, “Review on Modeling and Simulation of Continuous Casting,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 855–864, 2019. |
| [29] | X. Huang and B. G. Thomas, “Intermixing model of continuous casting during a grade transition,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 617–632, Apr. 1996. |
| [30] | B. Petrus, K. Zheng, X. Zhou, B. G. Thomas, and J. Bentsman, “Real-time, model-based spray-cooling control system for steel continuous casting,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 87–103, Feb. 2011. |
| [31] | B. G. Thomas and L. Zhang, “Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Continuous Casting,” Rev. Lit. Arts Am., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1181–1193, 2001. |
| [32] | Y. Meng and B. G. Thomas, “Modeling Transient Slag-Layer Phenomena in the Shell/mold Gap in Continuous Casting of Steel,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 707–725, 2003. |
| [33] | J. Mahmoudi, “Mathematical modelling of fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in a strip continuous casting process,” Int. J. Cast Met. Res., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 223–236, 2006. |
| [34] | Z.-D. Qian and Y.-L. Wu, “Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flow with the Effects of DC Magnetic Field and Vortex Brake Application in Continuous Casting,” ISIJ Int., vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 100–107, 2004. |
| [35] | J. K. Park, B. G. Thomas, I. V. Samarasekera, and S. U. Yoon, “Thermal and mechanical behavior of copper molds during thin-slab casting (I): Plant trial and mathematical modeling,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 425–436, 2002. |
| [36] | S. Mazumdar and S. K. Ray, “Solidification control in continuous casting of steel,” Sadhana, vol. 26, no. 1–2, pp. 179–198, 2001. |
| [37] | B. Hadała, A. Cebo-Rudnicka, Z. Malinowski, and A. Gołdasz, “The Influence of Thermal Stresses and Strand Bending on Surface Defects Formation in Continuously Cast Strands,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 367–377, 2011. |
| [38] | M. R. R. I. Shamsi and S. K. Ajmani, “Three Dimensional Turbulent Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Mathematical Model for the Analysis of a Continuous Slab Caster,” ISIJ Int., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 433–442, 2007. |
| [39] | Y. Sahai, “Tundish Technology for Casting Clean Steel: A Review,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 2095–2106, 2016. |
| [40] | A. E. Huespe, A. Cardona, and V. Fachinotti, “Thermomechanical model of a continuous casting process,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 182, no. 3–4, pp. 439–455, 2000. |
| [41] | J. X. Fu, W. S. Hwang, J. S. Li, S. F. Yang, and Z. Hui, “Effect of casting speed on slab broadening in continuous casting,” Steel Res. Int., vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1266–1272, 2011. |
| [42] | J. R. Boehmer, G. Funk, M. Jordan, and F. N. Fett, “Strategies for coupled analysis of thermal strain history during continuous solidification processes,” Adv. Eng. Softw., vol. 29, no. 7–9, pp. 679–697, Aug. 1998. |
| [43] | J. Svensson, P. E. R. López, P. N. Jalali, and M. Cervantes, “One-way coupling of an advanced CFD multi-physics model to FEA for predicting stress-strain in the solidifying shell during continuous casting of steel,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 84, no. 1, 2015. |
| [44] | B.-Z. Ren, D.-F. Chen, H.-D. Wang, M.-J. Long, and Z.-W. Han, “Numerical simulation of fluid flow and solidification in bloom continuous casting mould with electromagnetic stirring,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 401–408, 2015. |
| [45] | X. Jin*, D. F. Chen, D. J. Zhang, X. Xie, Y. Y. Bi, and X. Jin, “Water model study on fluid flow in slab continuous casting mould with solidified shell,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 155–159, Feb. 2011. |
| [46] | H. K. Versteeg and W. Malalasekera, An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics: The Finite Volume Method, 2nd-ed ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2007. |
| [47] | B. Zhao, B. G. Thomas, S. P. Vanka, and R. J. O’Malley, “Transient Flow and Temperature Transport in Continuous Casting of Steel Slabs,” J. Heat Transfer, vol. 127, no. 8, p. 807, 2005. |
| [48] | B. Li and F. Tsukihashi, “Vortexing Flow Patterns in a Water Model of Slab Continuous Casting Mold,” ISIJ Int., vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 30–36, 2005. |
| [49] | L. Sowa and A. Bokota, “Numerical model of thermal and flow phenomena the process growing of the CC slab,” Arch. Metall. Mater., vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 359–366, 2011. |
| [50] | M. H. H. Zare, a. H. H. Meysami, S. Mahmoudi, M. Hajisafari, and M. Mazar Atabaki, “Simulation of flow field and steel/slag interface in the mold region of a thin slab steel continuous caster with tetra-furcated nozzle,” J. Manuf. Process., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 307–317, Aug. 2013. |
| [51] | W. Chen, Y. Ren, L. Zhang, and P. R. Scheller, “Numerical Simulation of Steel and Argon Gas Two-Phase Flow in Continuous Casting Using LES + VOF + DPM Model,” Jom, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1158–1168, 2019. |
| [52] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, Ambrish Maurya, Rajneesh Kumar, “Advancements in numerical modeling of the continuous casting mold,” VW Engineering International., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021. |
| [53] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and M. H. Kim, “Two-phase numerical modeling of grade intermixing in a steelmaking Tundish,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 40, Jan. 2019. |
| [54] | J. R. De Sousa Rocha, E. E. B. De Souza, F. Marcondes, and J. A. De Castro, “Modeling and computational simulation of fluid flow, heat transfer and inclusions trajectories in a tundish of a steel continuous casting machine,” J. Mater. Res. Technol., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 4209–4220, Sep. 2019. |
| [55] | D.-Y. Sheng and Q. Yue, “Modeling of Fluid Flow and Residence-Time Distribution in a Five-Strand Tundish,” Met. 2020, Vol. 10, Page 1084, vol. 10, no. 8, p. 1084, Aug. 2020. |
| [56] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, Ambrish Maurya, Rajneesh Kumar, “Advancements in numerical modeling of the continuous casting mold,” VW Engineering International, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1-22, 2021. |
| [57] | M. I. H. Siddiqui, H. Alshehri, J. Orfi, M. A. Ali, and D. Dobrota, “Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of Inclusion Motion under Interfacial Tension in a Flash Welding Process,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 11, no. 7, p. 1073, 2021. |
| [58] | Y. Ruan, Y. Yao, S. Shen, B. Wang, J. Zhang, and J. Huang, “Physical and Mathematical Simulation of Surface-Free Vortex Formation and Vortex Prevention Design during the End of Casting in Tundish,” steel Res. Int., vol. 91, no. 6, p. 1900616, Jun. 2020. |
| [59] | M. A. Saeidy Pour and S. Hassanpour, “Steel Cleanliness Depends on Inflow Turbulence Intensity (in Tundishes and Molds),” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 2199–2210, Oct. 2020. |
| [60] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Assessment of Turbulence Models for Prediction of Intermixed Amount with Free Surface Variation Using Coupled Level-Set Volume of Fluid Method,” ISIJ Int., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 2578–2587, 2014. |
| [61] | Y. Liu, Z. He, and L. Pan, “Numerical Investigations on the Slag Eye in Steel Ladles,” Adv. Mech. Eng., vol. 2014, pp. 1–6, 2014. |
| [62] | H.-X. Li, Q. Wang, H. Lei, J.-W. Jiang, Z.-C. Guo, and J.-C. He, “Mechanism Analysis of Free-Surface Vortex Formation during Steel Teeming,” ISIJ Int., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 1592–1600, 2014. |
| [63] | J. Szekely and R. T. Yadoya, “The physical and mathematical modelling of the flow field in the mold region in continuous casting systems: Part II. The mathematical representation of the turbulent flow field,” Metall. Trans., vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 1379–1388, 1973. |
| [64] | S. K. Choudhary and D. Mazumdar, “Mathematical modelling of fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification phenomena in continuous casting of steel,” Steel Res., vol. 66, no. 5, pp. 199–205, May 1995. |
| [65] | ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide, 18.2., no. August. Canonsburg, PA: ANSYS Inc. USA, 2017. |
| [66] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Numerical Analysis of Heat Transfer and Flow Behaviour inside Different Shapes of Multi-Strand Continuous Casting Tundish,” in 2nd National Conference on Advances in Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics, AMU, Aligarh, India, 2013, pp. 65–72. |
| [67] | M. Alam and M. I. H. Siddiqui, “CFD simulation of melt and inclusion motion in a mold under the influence of electromagnetic force,” VW Appl. Sci., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–14, 2019. |
| [68] | M. I. H. Siddiqui and P. K. Jha, “Multi-phase analysis of steel-air-slag system during ladle change-over process in CC tundish steelmaking process,” in Asia Steel Conference. |
| [69] | M. I. H. Siddiqui et al., “Physical Investigations of Grade Mixing Phenomenon in Delta Shape Steel-making Tundish,” Int. Conf. CETCME, NIET, Noida, India, vol. 2, no. 13, pp. 94–98, 2015. |
| [70] | M. V. More, S. K. Saha, V. Marje, and G. Balachandran, “Numerical model of liquid metal flow in steel making tundish with flow modifiers,” IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 191, no. 1, 2017. |
| [71] | R. Chaudhary, C. Ji, B. G. Thomas, and S. P. Vanka, “Transient turbulent flow in a liquid-metal model of continuous casting, including comparison of six different methods,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 987–1007, 2011. |
| [72] | L. C. Hibbeler, R. Liu, and B. G. Thomas, “Review of Mold Flux Entrainment Mechanisms and Model Investigation of Entrainment by Shear-Layer Instability Meniscus Freezing and Hook Formation Another mechanism for the entrainment of slag and,” InSteelCon, no. July, pp. 1–10, 2011. |
| [73] | C. Kratzsch, K. Timmel, S. Eckert, and R. Schwarze, “URANS Simulation of Continuous Casting Mold Flow: Assessment of Revised Turbulence Models,” steel Res. Int., vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 400–410, Apr. 2015. |
| [74] | L. C. Hibbeler and B. G. Thomas, “Mold slag entrainment mechanisms in continuous casting molds,” Iron Steel Technol., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 121–136, 2013. |
| [75] | W. Chen, Y. Ren, and L. Zhang, “Large Eddy Simulation on the Two-Phase Flow in a Water Model of Continuous Casting Strand with Gas Injection,” Steel Res. Int., vol. 1800287, pp. 1–12, 2018. |
| [76] | T. Vu, C. Nguyen, and D. Khanh, “Direct Numerical Study of a Molten Metal Drop Solidifying on a Cold Plate with Different Wettability,” Metals (Basel)., vol. 8, no. 1, p. 47, 2018. |
| [77] | B. G. Thomas, Q. Yuan, S. Sivaramakrishnan, T. Shi, S. P. Vanka, and M. B. Assar, “Mathematical Modeling of Iron and Steel Making Processes. Comparison of Four Methods to Evaluate Fluid Velocities in a Continuous Slab Casting Mold.,” ISIJ Int., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 1262–1271, 2008. |
| [78] | B. Launder and D. Spalding, “The Numerical Computation of Turbulent Flows,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 269–289, 1974. |
| [79] | J. S. Ha, J. R. Cho, B. Y. Lee, and M. Y. Ha, “Numerical analysis of secondary cooling and bulging in the continuous casting of slabs,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 113, no. 1–3, pp. 257–261, 2001. |
| [80] | J. R. Boehmer, F. N. Fett, and G. Funk, “Analysis of high-temperature behaviour of solidified material within a continuous casting machine,” Comput. Struct., vol. 47, no. 4–5, pp. 683–698, 1993. |
| [81] | K. Härkki and J. Miettinen, “Mathematical modeling of copper and brass upcasting,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 75–98, Feb. 1999. |
| [82] | M. L. S. Zappulla, L. C. Hibbeler, and B. G. Thomas, “Effect of Grade on Thermal–Mechanical Behavior of Steel During Initial Solidification,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 3777–3793, Aug. 2017. |
| [83] | A. M, E. H, and S. A., “Mathematical modeling of heat transfer for steel continuous casting process,” Int J ISSI, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 7–16, 2006. |
| [84] | C. A. M. Pinheiro, I. V. Samarasekera, J. K. Brimacomb, and B. N. Walker, “Mould heat transfer and continuously cast billet quality with mould flux lubrication Part 1 Mould heat transfer,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 37–54, Feb. 2003. |
| [85] | Q. Wang, Z. He, B. Li, and F. Tsukihashi, “A General Coupled Mathematical Model of Electromagnetic Phenomena, Two-Phase Flow, and Heat Transfer in Electroslag Remelting Process Including Conducting in the Mold,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 45, no. 6, pp. 2425–2441, 2014. |
| [86] | A. C. Kheirabadi and D. Groulx, “the Effect of the Mushy-Zone Constant on Simulated Phase Change Heat Transfer,” Proceeding Proc. CHT-15. 6th Int. Symp. Adv. Comput. HEAT Transf., May 25-29, 2015, Rutgers Univ. New Brunswick, NJ, USA, no. May, p. 22, 2015. |
| [87] | A. Maurya and P. K. Jha, “Influence of electromagnetic stirrer position on fluid flow and solidification in continuous casting mold,” Appl. Math. Model., vol. 48, pp. 736–748, 2017. |
| [88] | S. Louhenkilpi, M. Mäkinen, S. Vapalahti, T. Räisänen, and J. Laine, “3D steady state and transient simulation tools for heat transfer and solidification in continuous casting,” Mater. Sci. Eng. A, vol. 413–414, pp. 135–138, 2005. |
| [89] | A. A. Ivanova, “Calculation of Phase-Change Boundary Position in Continuous Casting,” Arch. Foundry Eng., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 57–62, 2013. |
| [90] | D. Zhang, S. Lei, S. Zeng, and H. Shen, “Thermo-mechanical Modeling in Continuous Slab Casting Mould and Its Application,” ISIJ Int., vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 336–341, 2014. |
| [91] | Ambrish Maurya and Pradeep Kumar Jha, “Effect of Casting Speed on Continuous Casting of Steel Slab,” Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robot. Res., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–21, 2014. |
| [92] | P. T. Hietanen, S. Louhenkilpi, and S. Yu, “Investigation of Solidification, Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow in Continuous Casting of Steel Using an Advanced Modeling Approach,” Steel Res. Int., vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 1–13, 2017. |
| [93] | L. C. Hibbeler, M. M. Chin See, J. Iwasaki, K. E. Swartz, R. J. O’Malley, and B. G. Thomas, “A reduced-order model of mould heat transfer in the continuous casting of steel,” Appl. Math. Model., vol. 40, no. 19–20, pp. 8530–8551, 2016. |
| [94] | M. Vynnycky and S. Saleem, “On the explicit resolution of the mushy zone in the modelling of the continuous casting of alloys,” Appl. Math. Model., vol. 50, pp. 544–568, 2017. |
| [95] | Y. Yin, J. Zhang, Q. Dong, and Q. H. Zhou, “Effects of electromagnetic stirring on fluid flow and temperature distribution in billet continuous casting mould and solidification structure of 55SiCr,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 855–864, 2019. |
| [96] | O. Richter, J. Turnow, N. Kornev, and E. Hassel, “Numerical simulation of casting processes: coupled mould filling and solidification using VOF and enthalpy-porosity method,” Heat Mass Transf. und Stoffuebertragung, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 1957–1969, 2017. |
| [97] | T. Oconnor and D. JA, “Modeling the thin-slab continuous-casting mold,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B, vol. 25B, no. 6, p. 443, 1994. |
| [98] | I. V. Samarasekera, D. L. Anderson, and J. K. Brimacombe, “The thermal distortion of continuous-casting billet molds,” Metall. Trans. B, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 91–104, 1982. |
| [99] | H. A. N. K. Hwan, J. Yoon, and J. L. E. E. H. Nam, “Coupled Analysis of Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer and Stress Continuous Round Billet Oasting Thermal Analysis in Mold,” ISIJ Int., vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 435–444, 1999. |
| [100] | V. D. Fachinotti, S. Le Corre, N. Triolet, M. Bobadilla, and M. Bellet, “Two-phase thermo-mechanical and macrosegregation modelling of binary alloys solidification with emphasis on the secondary cooling stage of steel slab continuous casting processes,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., vol. 67, no. 10, pp. 1341–1384, Sep. 2006. |
| [101] | Y. Hebi, Y. Man, Z. Huiying, and F. Dacheng, “3D Stress Model with Friction in and of Mould for Round Billet Continuous Casting,” ISIJ Int., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 546–552, 2006. |
| [102] | J. E. Lee, T. J. Yeo, O. H. Kyu Hwan, J. K. Yoon, and U. S. Yoon, “Prediction of cracks in continuously cast steel beam blank through fully coupled analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer, and deformation behavior of a solidifying shell,” Metall. Mater. Trans. A Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 225–237, 2000. |
| [103] | X. Liu and M. Zhu, “Finite Element Analysis of Thermal and Mechanical Behavior in a Slab Continuous Casting Mold,” ISIJ Int., vol. 46, no. 11, pp. 1652–1659, 2006. |
| [104] | Y. jun Li, H. Li, P. Lan, H. yan Tang, and J. quan Zhang, “Thermo-elasto-visco-plastic finite element analysis on formation and propagation of of-corner subsurface cracks in bloom continuous casting,” J. Iron Steel Res. Int., vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 1159–1168, 2017. |
| [105] | M. R. Ridolfi, “Hot tearing modeling: A microstructural approach applied to steel solidification,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1425–1438, 2014. |
| [106] | S. Saleem, M. Vynnycky, and H. Fredriksson, “The Influence of Peritectic Reaction/Transformation on Crack Susceptibility in the Continuous Casting of Steels,” Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 1625–1635, 2017. |
| [107] | J. M. Risso, A. E. Huespe, and A. Cardona, “Thermal stress evaluation in the steel continuous casting process,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 1355–1377, 2006. |
| [108] | Z. Chen, H. Olia, B. Petrus, M. Rembold, J. Bentsman, and B. G. Thomas, “Dynamic Modeling of Unsteady Bulging in Continuous Casting of Steel,” in Materials Processing Fundamentals, 2019, pp. 23–35. |
| [109] | A. G. Weinberg, Brimacombe, and J. K. F., “Mathematical analysis of stress in continuous casting of steel,” Ironmak. Steelmak., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 38–47, 1976. |
| [110] | J. E. Kelly, K. P. Michalek, T. G. O’Connor, B. G. Thomas, and J. A. Dantzig, “Initial development of thermal and stress fields in continuously cast steel billets,” Metall. Trans. A, Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci., vol. 19 A, no. 10, pp. 2589–2602, Oct. 1988. |
| [111] | J. O. Kristiansson, “Thermomechanical behavior of the solidifying shell within continuous-casting billet molds-a numerical approach,” J. Therm. Stress., vol. 7, no. 3–4, pp. 209–226, Jan. 1984. |
| [112] | M. Y. Zhu, Z. Z. Cai, and H. Q. Yu, “Multiphase Flow and Thermo-Mechanical Behaviors of Solidifying Shell in Continuous Casting Mold,” J. Iron Steel Res. Int., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 6–17, 2013. |
| [113] | G. Funk, J. R. Boehmer, and F. N. Fett, “A coupled FDM/FEM model for the continuous casting process,” Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3–6, 1994. |
| [114] | M. Samonds and J. Z. Zhu, “Coupled Thermal-fluids-stress Analysis of Castings,” in Proc. 9 th Int. Conf. on Modeling of Casting, 2000. |
| [115] | F. Pascon, S. Cescotto, and A. M. Habraken, “A 2.5D finite element model for bending and straightening in continuous casting of steel slabs,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 125–149, Oct. 2006. |
APA Style
Nitin Amratav, Kulyant Kumar, Megad Pillai. (2021). Computer Simulation of Continuous Casting Processes: A Review. Advances in Materials, 10(3), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20211003.11
ACS Style
Nitin Amratav; Kulyant Kumar; Megad Pillai. Computer Simulation of Continuous Casting Processes: A Review. Adv. Mater. 2021, 10(3), 31-41. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20211003.11
AMA Style
Nitin Amratav, Kulyant Kumar, Megad Pillai. Computer Simulation of Continuous Casting Processes: A Review. Adv Mater. 2021;10(3):31-41. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20211003.11
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.am.20211003.11,
author = {Nitin Amratav and Kulyant Kumar and Megad Pillai},
title = {Computer Simulation of Continuous Casting Processes: A Review},
journal = {Advances in Materials},
volume = {10},
number = {3},
pages = {31-41},
doi = {10.11648/j.am.20211003.11},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20211003.11},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20211003.11},
abstract = {Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Modern steelmaking processes are broken into two categories: primary and secondary steelmaking. Primary steelmaking uses mostly new iron as the feedstock, usually from a blast furnace. Secondary steelmaking uses scrap steel as the primary raw material. Gases created during the production of steel can be used as a power source. Steelmaking is presently a grounded innovation driven by plant, exploratory and computational examination. The continuous casting process comprises many complicated phenomena in terms of fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation. The important numerical modeling method of the continuous casting process has been discussed in reference in this work. With the recent advancement in metallurgical methods, the continuous casting process now becomes the main method for steel production. To achieve efficient and effective production, the manufacturers of steel keep on searching for new methods which increase productivity. The present work describes molten steel flow, heat transfer, solidification, electromagnetic applications, formation of the shell by solidification and coupling, etc.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Computer Simulation of Continuous Casting Processes: A Review AU - Nitin Amratav AU - Kulyant Kumar AU - Megad Pillai Y1 - 2021/09/29 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20211003.11 DO - 10.11648/j.am.20211003.11 T2 - Advances in Materials JF - Advances in Materials JO - Advances in Materials SP - 31 EP - 41 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-252X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20211003.11 AB - Steelmaking is the second step in producing steel from iron ore. In this stage, impurities such as sulfur, phosphorus, and excess carbon are removed from the raw iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Modern steelmaking processes are broken into two categories: primary and secondary steelmaking. Primary steelmaking uses mostly new iron as the feedstock, usually from a blast furnace. Secondary steelmaking uses scrap steel as the primary raw material. Gases created during the production of steel can be used as a power source. Steelmaking is presently a grounded innovation driven by plant, exploratory and computational examination. The continuous casting process comprises many complicated phenomena in terms of fluid flow, heat transfer, and structural deformation. The important numerical modeling method of the continuous casting process has been discussed in reference in this work. With the recent advancement in metallurgical methods, the continuous casting process now becomes the main method for steel production. To achieve efficient and effective production, the manufacturers of steel keep on searching for new methods which increase productivity. The present work describes molten steel flow, heat transfer, solidification, electromagnetic applications, formation of the shell by solidification and coupling, etc. VL - 10 IS - 3 ER -
Email: