Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance

Reniko Gondo; Ezra Pedzisai

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance

Reniko Gondo, Ezra Pedzisai

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 4, Issue 5)

Received: 9 July 2016 Accepted: 3 August 2016 Published: 29 September 2016

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Governance of natural resources includes issues of power, use, access and most importantly, responsibility. While many people assume natural resources to be free and open for all, most natural resources are in fact under form of governance, be it official or unofficial. Available studies are generally critical about the overall management and interaction of ecosystems. Many studies are concerned with biodiversity interaction and management and conservation methods. With the objective of exploring the ways through which geographical technologies could be applied to influence spatial policy on natural resource governance, this article critically examined the issue using both secondary and primary data. Secondary data collection included the extraction of temporal remote sensing Google Earth images (1979 to 2014) used to thematically map features by onscreen digitising using visual image interpretation and confirmed by ground truthing fieldwork. The electronic spatial database created was then used to map the spatial extent of the lake, human activities including infrastructure development and gardens close to the lake for the period. Primary data were collected using fieldwork conducted to ground truth the present activities and man-made features near the lake. The method also reviewed available spatial and temporal secondary data. The article therefore demonstrates the importance of spatial technologies in natural resources management with a special reference to the critical and internationally recognised Lake Ngami on the north western Botswana.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 4, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
Page(s)	141-154
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2016. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Biodiversity, Governance, Lake Ngami, Natural Resources, Spatial Technology

References

[1]	E. Hellard, G. S. Cumming, A. Caron, et al., “Testing epidemiological functional groups as predictors of avian haemosporidia patterns in southern Africa”. Ecosphere, 2016, 7(4): 1-17.
[2]	D. M. Harebottle, P. D’arcy, P. Hancock, P. et al., “Report on a Waterbird Ringing Study at Lake Ngami, Botswana, 3–18 December 2005, African Waterbird Ringing Scheme”, 2006.
[3]	L. Magole, “The ‘Shrinking Commons’ in the Lake Ngami Grasslands, Botswana: The Impact of National Rangeland Policy”, Development Southern Africa, 2009, 26(4), 611-626.
[4]	A. G. Stigand, “Notes on Ngamiland”, The Geographical Journal, 1912, 39(4): 376-379.
[5]	P. Wolf and M. Murray-Hudson, “Recent changes in flooding in the Xudum distributary of the Okavango Delta and Lake Ngami, Botswana,” South. African Journal. Scince, 2006.
[6]	A. A. Mabuse, “Bambata pottery and the advent of pastoralism in Botswana: A case study of Toteng, Ngamiland, Botswana. B. A. Research Essay, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, 2004.
[7]	P. A. Shaw, S. Stokes, D. S. G. Thomas, et al., “Paleoecology and age of a Quaternary high lake level in the Makgadikgadi Basin of the Middle Kalahari, Botswana”, South African Journal of Science, 1997, 93: 273–276.
[8]	P. Huntsman-Mapila, S. Ringrose, A. W. Mackay, et al., “Use of the geochemical and biological sedimentary record in establishing palaeoenironmen’s and climate change in the Lake Ngami basin, N. W. Botswana”, Quaternary International, 2006, 148: 51–64.
[9]	P. A. Shaw, “Fluctuations in the level of Lake Ngami: the historical evidence”, Botswana Notes and Records, 1983, 15: 79-84.
[10]	J. Bock and S. E. Johnson (not dated) “The Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana,” Global Sojourns, online www.globalsojourns.com.
[11]	A. G. Stigand, “Ngamiland”, The Geographical Journal, 1923, 62(6): 40-419.
[12]	Merron, G. S., Pack Hunting in two species of catfish, Clarias gariepinus and C. ngamensis, in the Okavango Delta, Botwsana, Journal of Fish Biology, 1993, 43: 575-584.
[13]	T. J. Larson, “The Bayeyi of Ngamiland Botswana Notes and Records”, 1989, 21: 23-42.
[14]	E. H. L. Schwarz, “The Botletle River”, The Geographical Journal, 1926, 67(6): 528-535.
[15]	C. J. Andersson, “Explorations in South Africa, with Route from Walfisch Bay to Lake Ngami and Ascent of the Tiogé River”, J. Royal Geographical Society of London, 1855, 25: 79-107.
[16]	C. J. Andersson, Lake Ngami; Explorations and Discoveries, During Four Years' Wanderings in the Wilds of South Western Africa; Hurst and Blakkett Publishers, London, UK 1856, 632pp.
[17]	L. H. Robbins, M. L. Murphy, G. A. Brook, et al., “Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment, and Chronology of the Tsodilo Hills White Paintings Rock Shelter, Northwest Kalahari Desert, Botswana”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 2000, 27: 1085–1113.
[18]	L. H. Robbins, A. C. Campbell, M. L. Murphy, et al., “The Advent of Herding in Southern Africa: Early AMS Dates on Domestic Livestock from the Kalahari Desert”, Current Anthropology, 2005, 46(4): 671-677.
[19]	L. H. Robbins, A. C. Campbell, M. L. Murphy, “Mogapelwa: Archaeology, Palaeoenvironment and Oral Traditions at Lake Ngami, Botswana”, The South African Archaeological Bulletin, 2009, 64(189): 13-32.
[20]	H. Hamandawana, F. Eckardt and R. Chanda, “Linking archival and remote sensed data for long term environmental monitoring”, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana, 2003.
[21]	T. S. McCarthy, G. R. J. Cooper, P. D. Tyson and W. N. Ellery, “Seasonal Flooding in the Okavango Delta, Botswana - Recent History and Future Prospects”, South African Journal of Science, 2000, 96: 25-33.
[22]	T. Kabii, “Replica of UNESCO's letter informing the Bureau of the accession of Botswana”, Ramsar Convention Bureau, Rue Mauverney 28, CH-1196 Gland, 1997.
[23]	S. Ringrose, C. Vanderpost and W. Matheson, “Use of Image Processing Techniques to determine the extent and possible Causes of Land management/fenceline Induced Degradation Problems in the Okavango Area, Northern Botswana”, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 1997, 18(11): 2337-2364.
[24]	O. Ransford, “David Livingstone: The Dark Interior”, Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton, UK, 1978.
[25]	P. M. Marther, Computer Processing of Remotely Sensed Images, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 1996, …...
[26]	R. A. McDonald, “Corona: Success for Space Reconnaissance: A Look into the Cold War, and a Revolution for Intelligence”, Photogrametric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 1995, 61(6): 689-720.
[27]	G. T. Gray, H. Amadou, C. W. Eric and W. L. Ronald, “Use of Argon, Corona, and Landsat Imagery to Assess 30 years of Land Resource Changes in West-Central Senegal”, Photogrametric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 2000, 66 (6): 727-735.
[28]	John Bartholomew & Co.: Map of Bechuanaland 1906, www.probertencyclopaedia.com
[29]	Jacana Enterprises (Pty) Ltd http://www.jacanaent.com/Maps/Bots_Old/Bechuanaland%201922.jpg
[30]	Jacana Enterprises (Pty) Ltd http://www.jacanaent.com/Maps/Bots_Old/Bechuanaland%201932.jpg
[31]	International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Gland, 2010.
[32]	S. Michael, M. F. Goodchild, and P. A. Longley, Geospatial Analysis: A Comprehensive Guide to Principles Techniques and Software Tools, Wiley, West Sussex, England, 2015.
[33]	C. Korolenko, “Information Fusion and Geographic Information Systems”, Springer, London, 2009.
[34]	P, Schrenk, “Geographical Information Analysis”, John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 2010.
[35]	Collins English Dictionary, Complete 2012 Digital Edition, William Collins and Sons Co. Ltd, 2012.
[36]	T. David, Spatial Policy Perspectives in UK, Springer, London, UK, 2014.
[37]	M. L. Hunter, Fundamentals of Conservation Biology. Blackwell Science Inc., Cambridge, UK 2009.
[38]	L. Salvati and Z. Marco, “Natural resource depletion and economic performance of local districts: suggestions from a within-country analysis”, Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 2008, 15(6): 518–523.
[39]	IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Natural Resource Governance Framework A knowledge product of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, not dated.
[40]	Google Earth http://earth.google.com/
[41]	L. C. Mmualefe, and N. Torto, 2011 “Water quality in the Okavango Delta”, Water SA, 2011, 37(3): …...
[42]	Adolphus, “The picture Lake Ngami with water 2012”, http://www.tripmondo.com/botswana/botswana-general/sehithwa/ https://mw2.google.com/mw-panoramio/photos/medium/99411303.jpg
[43]	S. E. Nicholson, “The nature of rainfall variability over Africa on time scales of decades to millennia”, Global and Planetary Change, 2000, 26: 137- 158.
[44]	S. E. Nicholson, 2001 “Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries”, Clim Res, 2001, 17: 123-144.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Reniko Gondo, Ezra Pedzisai. (2016). Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 4(5), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Reniko Gondo; Ezra Pedzisai. Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2016, 4(5), 141-154. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Reniko Gondo, Ezra Pedzisai. Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2016;4(5):141-154. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15,
  author = {Reniko Gondo and Ezra Pedzisai},
  title = {Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {141-154},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  abstract = {Governance of natural resources includes issues of power, use, access and most importantly, responsibility. While many people assume natural resources to be free and open for all, most natural resources are in fact under form of governance, be it official or unofficial. Available studies are generally critical about the overall management and interaction of ecosystems. Many studies are concerned with biodiversity interaction and management and conservation methods. With the objective of exploring the ways through which geographical technologies could be applied to influence spatial policy on natural resource governance, this article critically examined the issue using both secondary and primary data. Secondary data collection included the extraction of temporal remote sensing Google Earth images (1979 to 2014) used to thematically map features by onscreen digitising using visual image interpretation and confirmed by ground truthing fieldwork. The electronic spatial database created was then used to map the spatial extent of the lake, human activities including infrastructure development and gardens close to the lake for the period. Primary data were collected using fieldwork conducted to ground truth the present activities and man-made features near the lake. The method also reviewed available spatial and temporal secondary data. The article therefore demonstrates the importance of spatial technologies in natural resources management with a special reference to the critical and internationally recognised Lake Ngami on the north western Botswana.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance
AU  - Reniko Gondo
AU  - Ezra Pedzisai
Y1  - 2016/09/29
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 141
EP  - 154
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
AB  - Governance of natural resources includes issues of power, use, access and most importantly, responsibility. While many people assume natural resources to be free and open for all, most natural resources are in fact under form of governance, be it official or unofficial. Available studies are generally critical about the overall management and interaction of ecosystems. Many studies are concerned with biodiversity interaction and management and conservation methods. With the objective of exploring the ways through which geographical technologies could be applied to influence spatial policy on natural resource governance, this article critically examined the issue using both secondary and primary data. Secondary data collection included the extraction of temporal remote sensing Google Earth images (1979 to 2014) used to thematically map features by onscreen digitising using visual image interpretation and confirmed by ground truthing fieldwork. The electronic spatial database created was then used to map the spatial extent of the lake, human activities including infrastructure development and gardens close to the lake for the period. Primary data were collected using fieldwork conducted to ground truth the present activities and man-made features near the lake. The method also reviewed available spatial and temporal secondary data. The article therefore demonstrates the importance of spatial technologies in natural resources management with a special reference to the critical and internationally recognised Lake Ngami on the north western Botswana.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Reniko Gondo

Department of Natural Resources Management, Okavango Research Institute-University of Botswana, Maun, Botswana
Ezra Pedzisai

Geography Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Reniko Gondo, Ezra Pedzisai. (2016). Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 4(5), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Reniko Gondo; Ezra Pedzisai. Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2016, 4(5), 141-154. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Reniko Gondo, Ezra Pedzisai. Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2016;4(5):141-154. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15,
  author = {Reniko Gondo and Ezra Pedzisai},
  title = {Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {4},
  number = {5},
  pages = {141-154},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20160405.15},
  abstract = {Governance of natural resources includes issues of power, use, access and most importantly, responsibility. While many people assume natural resources to be free and open for all, most natural resources are in fact under form of governance, be it official or unofficial. Available studies are generally critical about the overall management and interaction of ecosystems. Many studies are concerned with biodiversity interaction and management and conservation methods. With the objective of exploring the ways through which geographical technologies could be applied to influence spatial policy on natural resource governance, this article critically examined the issue using both secondary and primary data. Secondary data collection included the extraction of temporal remote sensing Google Earth images (1979 to 2014) used to thematically map features by onscreen digitising using visual image interpretation and confirmed by ground truthing fieldwork. The electronic spatial database created was then used to map the spatial extent of the lake, human activities including infrastructure development and gardens close to the lake for the period. Primary data were collected using fieldwork conducted to ground truth the present activities and man-made features near the lake. The method also reviewed available spatial and temporal secondary data. The article therefore demonstrates the importance of spatial technologies in natural resources management with a special reference to the critical and internationally recognised Lake Ngami on the north western Botswana.},
 year = {2016}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Spatial Policy in Natural Resources Governance
AU  - Reniko Gondo
AU  - Ezra Pedzisai
Y1  - 2016/09/29
PY  - 2016
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 141
EP  - 154
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20160405.15
AB  - Governance of natural resources includes issues of power, use, access and most importantly, responsibility. While many people assume natural resources to be free and open for all, most natural resources are in fact under form of governance, be it official or unofficial. Available studies are generally critical about the overall management and interaction of ecosystems. Many studies are concerned with biodiversity interaction and management and conservation methods. With the objective of exploring the ways through which geographical technologies could be applied to influence spatial policy on natural resource governance, this article critically examined the issue using both secondary and primary data. Secondary data collection included the extraction of temporal remote sensing Google Earth images (1979 to 2014) used to thematically map features by onscreen digitising using visual image interpretation and confirmed by ground truthing fieldwork. The electronic spatial database created was then used to map the spatial extent of the lake, human activities including infrastructure development and gardens close to the lake for the period. Primary data were collected using fieldwork conducted to ground truth the present activities and man-made features near the lake. The method also reviewed available spatial and temporal secondary data. The article therefore demonstrates the importance of spatial technologies in natural resources management with a special reference to the critical and internationally recognised Lake Ngami on the north western Botswana.
VL  - 4
IS  - 5
ER  -

Copy | Download