Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications

C. Kannan; R. Dhilsha; P. M. Rajeshwari; Shibu Jacob; M. A. Atmanand

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications

C. Kannan, R. Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, Shibu Jacob, M. A. Atmanand

Published in International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 1, Issue 2)

Received: 20 May 2013 Published: 20 June 2013

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Abstract

This paper reports the performance differences in the receiving sensitivity and band width of Class V flex tensional transducers (Cymbals) both in-air and in-water by varying the design parameters. Cymbal elements with device diameter 8mm and 13mm with optimum designs achieved using finite element software ATILA is presented. The in-air and underwater characteristics of such transducers are described in this paper. The performance evaluation of the transducers both in air and water are also reported in this paper. It has been established that the resonance frequency shifts towards higher side while increasing the cavity depth retaining the cap diameter fixed. However, there exists a tradeoff between the choice of sensitivity and optimum cavity depth. A maximum Receiving Sensitivity (RS) of -203 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m is obtained analytically for a single element with 13mm diameter and a cavity depth of 600 micron with a band of 2-20 kHz. Also a wide band of 1-30kHz is achieved with 8mm cymbal element having the same cavity depth with a Receiving Sensitivity -202.84 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m. Effect of encapsulation on the performance of cymbal transducers is studied and analytical results are in agreement with experimental results. There exist critical fabrication factors that affect the performance of these elements while fabricated in bulk quantities for an array. Reliable production procedure has been developed for manufacturing of cymbal elements and its arrays. A 1×3 array of 13mm diameter cymbal transducer has been fabricated and tested for in-air and in-water performances. The RS showed a maximum value of -178 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m in a frequency range of 2-20 kHz with an in-house developed preamplifier having a gain of 20dB for a single element using brass as cap material. An array gain of nearly 6 dB is obtained when connected in series. The procedure adopted for the fabrication of Cymbal elements is critical for obtaining a flat hydrophone array response over a wide frequency range.

Published in	International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13
Page(s)	43-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Cymbal Transducers, Hydrophones

References

[1]	J.F. Fernfindez , A. Dogan, J.T. Fielding, K. Uchino, R.E. Newnham "Tailoring the performance of ceramic-metal Piezo composite actuators, 'cymbals'" Sensors and Actuators, A 65 (1998) pp 228-237.
[2]	R.E. Newnham, A. Dogan, D.C. Markley, J.F. Tressler, J. Zhang, E. Uzgur, R.J. Meyer,Jr., A.C. Hladky-Hennion and W. J.Hughes "Size Effects in Capped Ceramic Underwater Sound Projectors, IEEE OCEAN’02 MTS 4, (2002) PP 2315-2321.
[3]	Denghua Li, Min Wu, Peixi Oyang, Xiaofei Xu, "Cymbal piezoelectric composite underwater acoustic transducer" Ultrasonics 44(2006) pp 685–687.
[4]	E. Reissner, "On axi-symmetrical vibrations of shallow spherical shells," Quart. Appl. Math, 13 279, 1950.
[5]	R.S. Woollet, "Theory of the piezoelectric flexural disk transducer with applications to underwater sound," USL Research Report No. 490, S-FOOI 03 04.1, US. Navy Underwater Sound Laboratoly, Fort Tmmbull, New London, CT, 1960.
[6]	Cheng-Liang Sun, S.S.Guo , W.P.Li, Z.B.Xing, G.C.Liu, X.-Z.Zhao , "Displacement amplification and resonance characteristic of the cymbal transducers", Sensors and Actuators A121 (2005) pp 213–220.
[7]	P.Ochoa, J.L.Pons, M.Villegas, J.F.Fernandez, "Effect of bonding layer on the electromechanical response of the cymbal metal-ceramic Piezo composite" Journal of the European Ceramic Society 27 (2007) pp 1143–1149.
[8]	Dhilsha Rajapan, P.M. Rajeshwari and M.Sankar, K Trinath and N.S.Prasad. "Miniaturized underwater sensors for the realization of Conformal arrays", OCEANS’06, IEEE/MTS, May 16-19, Asia Pacific, Singapore (2006).
[9]	R.Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, M Sankar "Underwater performance of a 5×10 cymbal array for oceanographic applications", Proceedings of International Conference in Ocean Engineering,(ICOE’09),Feb 1-5, IIT Madras, Chennai, India(2009).
[10]	C. Kannan, PM Rajeshwari , Shibu Jacob et al., ‘Effect of manufacturing procedure on the miniaturized Flextensional Transducers (Cymbals) and Hydrophone array performance’, IEEE/MTS,OCEANS’11, June 6-9, Santander, Spain (2011)

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APA Style

C. Kannan, R. Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, Shibu Jacob, M. A. Atmanand. (2013). Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 1(2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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ACS Style

C. Kannan; R. Dhilsha; P. M. Rajeshwari; Shibu Jacob; M. A. Atmanand. Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2013, 1(2), 43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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AMA Style

C. Kannan, R. Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, Shibu Jacob, M. A. Atmanand. Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2013;1(2):43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13,
  author = {C. Kannan and R. Dhilsha and P. M. Rajeshwari and Shibu Jacob and M. A. Atmanand},
  title = {Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  abstract = {This paper reports the performance differences in the receiving sensitivity and band width of Class V flex tensional transducers (Cymbals) both in-air and in-water by varying the design parameters. Cymbal elements with device diameter 8mm and 13mm with optimum designs achieved using finite element software ATILA is presented. The in-air and underwater characteristics of such transducers are described in this paper. The performance evaluation of the transducers both in air and water are also reported in this paper. It has been established that the resonance frequency shifts towards higher side while increasing the cavity depth retaining the cap diameter fixed. However, there exists a tradeoff between the choice of sensitivity and optimum cavity depth. A maximum Receiving Sensitivity (RS) of -203 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m is obtained analytically for a single element with 13mm diameter and a cavity depth of 600 micron with a band of 2-20 kHz.  Also a wide band of 1-30kHz is achieved with 8mm cymbal element having the same cavity depth with a Receiving Sensitivity -202.84 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m. Effect of encapsulation on the performance of cymbal transducers is studied and analytical results are in agreement with experimental results. There exist critical fabrication factors that affect the performance of these elements while fabricated in bulk quantities for an array. Reliable production procedure has been developed for manufacturing of cymbal elements and its arrays. A 1×3 array of 13mm diameter cymbal transducer has been fabricated and tested for in-air and in-water performances. The RS showed a maximum value of -178 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m in a frequency range of 2-20 kHz with an in-house developed preamplifier having a gain of 20dB for a single element using brass as cap material. An array gain of nearly 6 dB is obtained when connected in series. The procedure adopted for the fabrication of Cymbal elements is critical for obtaining a flat hydrophone array response over a wide frequency range.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications
AU - C. Kannan
AU - R. Dhilsha
AU - P. M. Rajeshwari
AU - Shibu Jacob
AU - M. A. Atmanand
Y1 - 2013/06/20
PY - 2013
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13
DO - 10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13
T2 - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JF - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
JO - International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications
SP - 43
EP - 48
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-0248
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13
AB - This paper reports the performance differences in the receiving sensitivity and band width of Class V flex tensional transducers (Cymbals) both in-air and in-water by varying the design parameters. Cymbal elements with device diameter 8mm and 13mm with optimum designs achieved using finite element software ATILA is presented. The in-air and underwater characteristics of such transducers are described in this paper. The performance evaluation of the transducers both in air and water are also reported in this paper. It has been established that the resonance frequency shifts towards higher side while increasing the cavity depth retaining the cap diameter fixed. However, there exists a tradeoff between the choice of sensitivity and optimum cavity depth. A maximum Receiving Sensitivity (RS) of -203 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m is obtained analytically for a single element with 13mm diameter and a cavity depth of 600 micron with a band of 2-20 kHz. Also a wide band of 1-30kHz is achieved with 8mm cymbal element having the same cavity depth with a Receiving Sensitivity -202.84 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m. Effect of encapsulation on the performance of cymbal transducers is studied and analytical results are in agreement with experimental results. There exist critical fabrication factors that affect the performance of these elements while fabricated in bulk quantities for an array. Reliable production procedure has been developed for manufacturing of cymbal elements and its arrays. A 1×3 array of 13mm diameter cymbal transducer has been fabricated and tested for in-air and in-water performances. The RS showed a maximum value of -178 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m in a frequency range of 2-20 kHz with an in-house developed preamplifier having a gain of 20dB for a single element using brass as cap material. An array gain of nearly 6 dB is obtained when connected in series. The procedure adopted for the fabrication of Cymbal elements is critical for obtaining a flat hydrophone array response over a wide frequency range.
VL - 1
IS - 2
ER -

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Author Information

C. Kannan

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
R. Dhilsha

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
P. M. Rajeshwari

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
Shibu Jacob

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil Nadu, India
M. A. Atmanand

National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil Nadu, India

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

C. Kannan, R. Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, Shibu Jacob, M. A. Atmanand. (2013). Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications, 1(2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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ACS Style

C. Kannan; R. Dhilsha; P. M. Rajeshwari; Shibu Jacob; M. A. Atmanand. Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. Int. J. Mech. Eng. Appl. 2013, 1(2), 43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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AMA Style

C. Kannan, R. Dhilsha, P. M. Rajeshwari, Shibu Jacob, M. A. Atmanand. Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications. Int J Mech Eng Appl. 2013;1(2):43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13,
  author = {C. Kannan and R. Dhilsha and P. M. Rajeshwari and Shibu Jacob and M. A. Atmanand},
  title = {Performance Evaluation of Cymbal Hydrophones for Underwater Applications},
  journal = {International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmea.20130102.13},
  abstract = {This paper reports the performance differences in the receiving sensitivity and band width of Class V flex tensional transducers (Cymbals) both in-air and in-water by varying the design parameters. Cymbal elements with device diameter 8mm and 13mm with optimum designs achieved using finite element software ATILA is presented. The in-air and underwater characteristics of such transducers are described in this paper. The performance evaluation of the transducers both in air and water are also reported in this paper. It has been established that the resonance frequency shifts towards higher side while increasing the cavity depth retaining the cap diameter fixed. However, there exists a tradeoff between the choice of sensitivity and optimum cavity depth. A maximum Receiving Sensitivity (RS) of -203 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m is obtained analytically for a single element with 13mm diameter and a cavity depth of 600 micron with a band of 2-20 kHz.  Also a wide band of 1-30kHz is achieved with 8mm cymbal element having the same cavity depth with a Receiving Sensitivity -202.84 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m. Effect of encapsulation on the performance of cymbal transducers is studied and analytical results are in agreement with experimental results. There exist critical fabrication factors that affect the performance of these elements while fabricated in bulk quantities for an array. Reliable production procedure has been developed for manufacturing of cymbal elements and its arrays. A 1×3 array of 13mm diameter cymbal transducer has been fabricated and tested for in-air and in-water performances. The RS showed a maximum value of -178 dB re 1V/µPa @ 1m in a frequency range of 2-20 kHz with an in-house developed preamplifier having a gain of 20dB for a single element using brass as cap material. An array gain of nearly 6 dB is obtained when connected in series. The procedure adopted for the fabrication of Cymbal elements is critical for obtaining a flat hydrophone array response over a wide frequency range.},
 year = {2013}
}

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