Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal; I’timad Gaafer Alfadil; Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal, I’timad Gaafer Alfadil, Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman

Published in Social Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 26 May 2018 Accepted: 7 June 2018 Published: 15 August 2018

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Abstract

The Study aims at identifying the quantitative rate of female circumcision in the Red Sea State during June 2016, where the diffusion of such phenomenon expresses the characteristics of the local community. The methodology of the study aimed at recognizing the extent of the diffusion of female circumcision in the ten localities through exploratory survey targeted at the female teachers and the mothers of the girls at the basic level and kindergarten age. The sample of the study consisted of (1060) items taken from (166) kindergarten and (198) basic level schools. The study arrived at main results which are summarized in the extinction of this phenomenon in certain housing units in Portsudan locality (Deim Medina and Darasalam). There are indicators that point to the fact that this phenomenon is dominating rural areas. If we made a comparison between last decade and the existing study, we find that there is remarkable development in the extinction indicator (68-72%). The study presented a number of recommendations; the most important are forming pressing community currencies for the purpose of close surveillance of rural areas, particularly Haya and Dordeib. In conclusion Female genital circumcision is still a serious problem in Red Sea State not only in rural area, but also among people living in urban areas. Elimination of poverty and improvement of education level will contribute to end this harmful phenomenon. Empowerment of people and polices is highly needed and effort should made to end terrible social and cultural norms which indigenize this practice.

Published in	Social Sciences (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
Page(s)	188-192
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2018. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Female Circumcision, Phenomenon, Portsudan, Red Sea State

References

[1]	World Health Organization. Female Genital mutilation. Update Feb- 2017. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/.
[2]	Sweileh WM. Bibliometric analysis of literature on female genital mutilation: (1930 – 2015). Reprod Health. 2016; 13:130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-016-0243-8 PMid:27724920 PMCid:PMC5057489.
[3]	Kouba LJ, Muasher J. Female Circumcision in Africa: An Overview. African Studies Review. 1985; 28:95-110. https://doi.org/10.2307/524569.
[4]	Fran P. Hosken, The Hosken Report: Genital and Sexual Mutilation of Females, Fourth Revised Edition (Women's International Network News: Lexington, MA, 1993): pages 114-115, 192-202, 216-218.
[5]	The Reports of the National Council for Child’s Care-_ Ministry of Social Affairs (Mechanism for abandoning female circumcision 2012-2014).
[6]	Reports of the Sudanese Society for combating harmful habits, Mother and Child Health in the Red Sea State (1999-2009).
[7]	The Child Law Document in the Red Sea State. (2010).
[8]	The Constitutional Documents for the legislations and systems in the Sudan and the different states (1989-2005-2008).
[9]	The Reports of the Ministry of Health-the Red Sea State-The reproductive Health Administration, Primary Health Care Administration.
[10]	The field study survey concerning the specific study (Female Circumcision between Diffusion and Extinction) March 2013.
[11]	Gheis, Mohammed Atif- Dictionary of Sociology (The University Knowledge Printing House Suez- 1995).

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APA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal, I’timad Gaafer Alfadil, Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. (2018). Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Social Sciences, 7(4), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal; I’timad Gaafer Alfadil; Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4), 188-192. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal, I’timad Gaafer Alfadil, Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Soc Sci. 2018;7(4):188-192. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15,
  author = {Ahmed Mohamed Bilal and I’timad Gaafer Alfadil and Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman},
  title = {Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {188-192},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20180704.15},
  abstract = {The Study aims at identifying the quantitative rate of female circumcision in the Red Sea State during June 2016, where the diffusion of such phenomenon expresses the characteristics of the local community. The methodology of the study aimed at recognizing the extent of the diffusion of female circumcision in the ten localities through exploratory survey targeted at the female teachers and the mothers of the girls at the basic level and kindergarten age. The sample of the study consisted of (1060) items taken from (166) kindergarten and (198) basic level schools. The study arrived at main results which are summarized in the extinction of this phenomenon in certain housing units in Portsudan locality (Deim Medina and Darasalam). There are indicators that point to the fact that this phenomenon is dominating rural areas. If we made a comparison between last decade and the existing study, we find that there is remarkable development in the extinction indicator (68-72%). The study presented a number of recommendations; the most important are forming pressing community currencies for the purpose of close surveillance of rural areas, particularly Haya and Dordeib. In conclusion Female genital circumcision is still a serious problem in Red Sea State not only in rural area, but also among people living in urban areas. Elimination of poverty and improvement of education level will contribute to end this harmful phenomenon. Empowerment of people and polices is highly needed and effort should made to end terrible social and cultural norms which indigenize this practice.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan
AU  - Ahmed Mohamed Bilal
AU  - I’timad Gaafer Alfadil
AU  - Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman
Y1  - 2018/08/15
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 188
EP  - 192
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
AB  - The Study aims at identifying the quantitative rate of female circumcision in the Red Sea State during June 2016, where the diffusion of such phenomenon expresses the characteristics of the local community. The methodology of the study aimed at recognizing the extent of the diffusion of female circumcision in the ten localities through exploratory survey targeted at the female teachers and the mothers of the girls at the basic level and kindergarten age. The sample of the study consisted of (1060) items taken from (166) kindergarten and (198) basic level schools. The study arrived at main results which are summarized in the extinction of this phenomenon in certain housing units in Portsudan locality (Deim Medina and Darasalam). There are indicators that point to the fact that this phenomenon is dominating rural areas. If we made a comparison between last decade and the existing study, we find that there is remarkable development in the extinction indicator (68-72%). The study presented a number of recommendations; the most important are forming pressing community currencies for the purpose of close surveillance of rural areas, particularly Haya and Dordeib. In conclusion Female genital circumcision is still a serious problem in Red Sea State not only in rural area, but also among people living in urban areas. Elimination of poverty and improvement of education level will contribute to end this harmful phenomenon. Empowerment of people and polices is highly needed and effort should made to end terrible social and cultural norms which indigenize this practice.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal

Business Administration and Economic Department, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
I’timad Gaafer Alfadil

Business Administration and Economic Department, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan
Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman

Business Administration and Economic Department, Port Sudan Ahlia College, Port Sudan, Sudan

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal, I’timad Gaafer Alfadil, Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. (2018). Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Social Sciences, 7(4), 188-192. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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ACS Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal; I’timad Gaafer Alfadil; Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Soc. Sci. 2018, 7(4), 188-192. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

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AMA Style

Ahmed Mohamed Bilal, I’timad Gaafer Alfadil, Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman. Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan. Soc Sci. 2018;7(4):188-192. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15,
  author = {Ahmed Mohamed Bilal and I’timad Gaafer Alfadil and Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman},
  title = {Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {188-192},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20180704.15},
  abstract = {The Study aims at identifying the quantitative rate of female circumcision in the Red Sea State during June 2016, where the diffusion of such phenomenon expresses the characteristics of the local community. The methodology of the study aimed at recognizing the extent of the diffusion of female circumcision in the ten localities through exploratory survey targeted at the female teachers and the mothers of the girls at the basic level and kindergarten age. The sample of the study consisted of (1060) items taken from (166) kindergarten and (198) basic level schools. The study arrived at main results which are summarized in the extinction of this phenomenon in certain housing units in Portsudan locality (Deim Medina and Darasalam). There are indicators that point to the fact that this phenomenon is dominating rural areas. If we made a comparison between last decade and the existing study, we find that there is remarkable development in the extinction indicator (68-72%). The study presented a number of recommendations; the most important are forming pressing community currencies for the purpose of close surveillance of rural areas, particularly Haya and Dordeib. In conclusion Female genital circumcision is still a serious problem in Red Sea State not only in rural area, but also among people living in urban areas. Elimination of poverty and improvement of education level will contribute to end this harmful phenomenon. Empowerment of people and polices is highly needed and effort should made to end terrible social and cultural norms which indigenize this practice.},
 year = {2018}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Female Circumcision Between Extinction and Diffusion in Red Sea State, Sudan
AU  - Ahmed Mohamed Bilal
AU  - I’timad Gaafer Alfadil
AU  - Abd Elrahman Mustafa Abd Elrahman
Y1  - 2018/08/15
PY  - 2018
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 188
EP  - 192
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20180704.15
AB  - The Study aims at identifying the quantitative rate of female circumcision in the Red Sea State during June 2016, where the diffusion of such phenomenon expresses the characteristics of the local community. The methodology of the study aimed at recognizing the extent of the diffusion of female circumcision in the ten localities through exploratory survey targeted at the female teachers and the mothers of the girls at the basic level and kindergarten age. The sample of the study consisted of (1060) items taken from (166) kindergarten and (198) basic level schools. The study arrived at main results which are summarized in the extinction of this phenomenon in certain housing units in Portsudan locality (Deim Medina and Darasalam). There are indicators that point to the fact that this phenomenon is dominating rural areas. If we made a comparison between last decade and the existing study, we find that there is remarkable development in the extinction indicator (68-72%). The study presented a number of recommendations; the most important are forming pressing community currencies for the purpose of close surveillance of rural areas, particularly Haya and Dordeib. In conclusion Female genital circumcision is still a serious problem in Red Sea State not only in rural area, but also among people living in urban areas. Elimination of poverty and improvement of education level will contribute to end this harmful phenomenon. Empowerment of people and polices is highly needed and effort should made to end terrible social and cultural norms which indigenize this practice.
VL  - 7
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download